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Ignatius J Reilly What You Need to Know

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1980 picaresque novel

A Confederacy of Dunces
Confederacy of dunces cover.jpg
Author John Kennedy Toole
State Usa
Language English language
Genre One-act, tragicomedy
Published 1980 (Louisiana State University Press)
Media blazon Print (hardback & paperback), audiobook, due east-book
Pages 405 pp (paperback)[1]
ISBN 0-8071-0657-vii
OCLC 5336849

Dewey Decimal

 813/.v/4
LC Class PS3570.O54 C66 1980

A Confederacy of Dunces is a picaresque novel by American novelist John Kennedy Toole which reached publication in 1980, eleven years after Toole'due south death.[2] Published through the efforts of writer Walker Percy (who also contributed a foreword) and Toole'due south mother, Thelma, the volume became commencement a cult classic, then a mainstream success; it earned Toole a posthumous Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1981, and is now considered a canonical work of modern literature of the Southern United States.[3]

The book'due south championship refers to an epigram from Jonathan Swift's essay Thoughts on Various Subjects, Moral and Diverting: "When a truthful genius appears in the world, y'all may know him by this sign, that the dunces are all in confederacy against him." Its central graphic symbol, Ignatius J. Reilly, is an educated but slothful xxx-twelvemonth-old man living with his female parent in the Uptown neighborhood of early on-1960s New Orleans who, in his quest for employment, has various adventures with colorful French Quarter characters. Toole wrote the novel in 1963 during his last few months in Puerto Rico.

Synopsis [edit]

Ignatius Jacques Reilly is an overweight and unemployed xxx-yr-old with a caste in Medieval History who still lives with his female parent, Irene Reilly. He lives in utter loathing of the globe around him, which he feels has lost the values of geometry and theology. I afternoon, Reilly's female parent drives him 'downtown in the old Plymouth, and while she was at the doctor's seeing nigh her arthritis, Ignatius had bought some sheet music at Werlein's for his trumpet and a new string for his lute.' While Reilly waits for his mother, Officeholder Angelo Mancuso approaches Reilly and demands that the latter produce identification. Affronted and outraged by Mancuso's unwarranted zeal and officious style, Reilly protests his innocence to the oversupply while denouncing the urban center's vices and the graft of the local police. An elderly homo, Claude Robichaux, takes Reilly's side, denouncing Officeholder Mancuso and the police every bit communiss. In the resulting uproar, Reilly and his embarrassed mother escape, taking refuge in a bar in case Officer Mancuso is nonetheless in hot pursuit.

In the bar, Mrs. Reilly then drinks besides much. As a result, she crashes her car. The fallout for the blow totals $1020, a sizable amount of money in early 1960s New Orleans. Ignatius is forced to work for the first fourth dimension in many years in order to assistance his mother pay for the accident.

What follows is a serial of adventures that introduce an assorted cast of characters and their interactions with each other due to, or with, Ignatius equally he moves from depression wage job to task. Throughout the novel, y'all find the obsession of Ignatius with his wardrobe, his verbally calumniating mental attitude towards his mother, his habits of frequenting movie theaters but to yell and condemn the actors and actresses on screen. The reader explores the psyche of a man who is debilitated every time he is stressed out due to a rare tummy condition and an adversarial relationship possibly disguised as flirtation with the politically liberal advocate Myrna Minkoff, his only friend from college.

Major characters [edit]

Ignatius J. Reilly [edit]

Ignatius Jacques Reilly is something of a modern Don Quixote—eccentric, idealistic, and creative, sometimes to the indicate of mirage.[2] In his foreword to the book, Walker Percy describes Ignatius equally a "slob extraordinary, a mad Oliver Hardy, a fat Don Quixote, a perverse Thomas Aquinas rolled into one". He disdains modernity, specially pop culture. The disdain becomes his obsession: he goes to movies in order to mock their perversity and express his outrage with the contemporary world's lack of "theology and geometry". He prefers the scholastic philosophy of the Eye Ages, and the Early Medieval philosopher Boethius in particular.[iv] All the same, he also enjoys many modern comforts and conveniences and is given to claiming that the rednecks of rural Louisiana hate all modernistic technology, which they acquaintance with unwanted modify. The workings of his pyloric valve play an important office in his life, reacting strongly to incidents in a fashion that he likens to Cassandra in terms of prophetic significance.[5]

Ignatius is of the mindset that he does not belong in the earth and that his numerous failings are the piece of work of some higher ability. He continually refers to the goddess Fortuna as having spun him down on her wheel of fortune. Ignatius loves to eat, and his masturbatory fantasies pb in strange directions. His mockery of obscene images is portrayed as a defensive posture to hide their titillating effect on him. Although considering himself to have an expansive and learned worldview, Ignatius has an aversion to ever leaving the town of his birth, and oft bores friends and strangers with the story of his sole, abortive journey out of New Orleans, a trip to Baton Rouge on a Greyhound Scenicruiser motorcoach, which Ignatius recounts as a traumatic ordeal of extreme horror.

Myrna Minkoff [edit]

Myrna Minkoff, referred to by Ignatius equally "that minx," is a Jewish beatnik from New York City, whom Ignatius met while she was in college in New Orleans.[2] Though their political, social, religious, and personal orientations could hardly be more different, Myrna and Ignatius fascinate one another. The novel repeatedly refers to Myrna and Ignatius having engaged in tag-team attacks on the teachings of their higher professors. For most of the novel, she is seen but in the regular correspondence which the two sustain since her render to New York, a correspondence heavily weighted with sexual analysis on the function of Myrna and contempt for her apparent sacrilegious action by Ignatius. Officially, they both deplore everything the other stands for. Though neither of them will admit it, their correspondence indicates that, separated though they are by one-half a continent, many of their actions are meant to impress one another.

Irene Reilly [edit]

Mrs. Irene Reilly is the mother of Ignatius. She has been widowed for 21 years. At first, she allows Ignatius his space and drives him where he needs to go, just over the course of the novel she learns to stand up up for herself. She besides has a drinking problem, about ofttimes indulging in muscatel, although Ignatius exaggerates that she is a raving, abusive drunk.[2]

She falls for Claude Robichaux, a fairly well-off man with a railroad pension and rental backdrop. At the end of the novel, she decides she volition marry Claude. But first, she agrees with Santa Battaglia (who has not simply recently become Mrs. Reilly's new best friend, but besides harbors an intense dislike for Ignatius) that Ignatius is insane and arranges to take him sent to a mental hospital.

Others [edit]

  • Santa Battaglia, a "grammaw" who is friends with Mrs. Reilly and has a marked disdain for Ignatius
  • Claude Robichaux, an one-time man constantly on the spotter for any "communiss" who might infiltrate the U.s.a.; he takes an involvement in protecting Irene
  • Angelo Mancuso, an inept police force officer, the nephew of Santa Battaglia, who, subsequently an bootless endeavor to arrest Ignatius as a "suspicious character," features prominently in the novel equally Ignatius's cocky-perceived nemesis
  • Lana Lee, a pornographic model who runs the "Nighttime of Joy," a downscale French Quarter strip club
  • George, Lana'due south distributor, who sells photographs of her to high-school children
  • Darlene, a goodhearted but none-besides-bright girl, who aspires to be a "Night of Joy" stripper, with a pet cockatoo
  • Burma Jones, a black janitor for the "Nighttime of Joy" who holds on to his beneath-minimum wage job only to avoid beingness arrested for vagrancy
  • Mr. Clyde, the frustrated owner of Paradise Vendors, a hot dog vendor business, who inadvisably employs Ignatius equally a vendor
  • Gus Levy, the reluctant, more often than not absentee possessor of Levy Pants, an inherited family unit business in the Bywater neighborhood where Ignatius briefly works
  • Mrs. Levy, Gus'due south wife, who attempts to psychoanalyze her married man and Miss Trixie despite being completely unqualified to exercise and then
  • Miss Trixie, an anile clerk at Levy Pants who suffers from dementia and compulsive hoarding
  • Mr. Gonzalez, the meek office manager at Levy Pants
  • Dorian Greene, a flamboyant French Quarter homosexual who puts on elaborate parties
  • Frieda Lodge, Betty Bumper, and Liz Steele, a trio of ambitious lesbians who run afoul of Ignatius
  • Dr. Talc, a mediocre professor at Tulane who had the misfortune of teaching Myrna and Ignatius
  • Miss Annie, the disgruntled neighbour of the Reillys who professes an addiction to headache medicine

Ignatius at the movies [edit]

Toole provides comical descriptions of two of the films Ignatius watches without naming them; they tin be recognized as Baton Rose's Colossal and That Touch of Mink, both Doris Twenty-four hour period features released in 1962.[half-dozen] In another passage, Ignatius declines to come across another moving-picture show, a "widely praised Swedish drama about a man who was losing his soul". This is most likely Ingmar Bergman'due south Winter Light, released in early 1963. In another passage, Irene Reilly recalls the nighttime Ignatius was conceived: after she and her husband viewed Carmine Grit, released in Oct 1932.[vii]

Confederacy and New Orleans [edit]

A "Lucky Dogs" cart from the era of the novel

The book is famous for its rich depiction of New Orleans and the city'south dialects, including Yat.[8] [9] Many locals and writers think that it is the best and near accurate depiction of the city in a work of fiction.[10]

A bronze statue of Ignatius J. Reilly can be found under the clock on the downwardly-river side of the 800 cake of Canal Street, New Orleans, the former site of the D. H. Holmes Section Store, at present the Hyatt French Quarter Hotel. The statue mimics the opening scene: Ignatius waits for his mother under the D.H. Holmes clock, clutching a Werlein's shopping bag, dressed in a hunting cap, flannel shirt, amorphous pants and scarf, 'studying the crowd of people for signs of bad taste.' The statue is modeled on New Orleans actor John "Spud" McConnell, who portrayed Ignatius in a stage version of the novel.

Various local businesses are mentioned in addition to D. H. Holmes, including Werlein's Music Store and local cinemas such every bit the Prytania Theater. Some readers from elsewhere assume Ignatius'southward favorite soft drink, Dr. Nut, to exist fictitious, merely it was an bodily local soft drink make of the era. The "Paradise Hot Dogs" vending carts are an easily recognized satire of those actually branded "Lucky Dogs".

Structure [edit]

The construction of A Confederacy of Dunces reflects the structure of Ignatius's favorite book, Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy.[xi] Like Boethius' book, A Confederacy of Dunces is divided into chapters that are further divided into a varying number of subchapters. Primal parts of some chapters are outside of the chief narrative. In Consolation, sections of narrative prose alternate with metrical poetry. In Confederacy, such narrative interludes vary more than widely in class and include lite verse, journal entries by Ignatius, and also messages betwixt himself and Myrna. A copy of The Alleviation of Philosophy within the narrative itself also becomes an explicit plot device in several ways.

The difficult path to publication [edit]

Every bit outlined in the introduction to a later revised edition, the book would never have been published if Toole'south mother had non found a smeared carbon re-create of the manuscript left in the house following Toole'due south 1969 decease at 31. She was persistent and tried several unlike publishers, to no avail.

Thelma repeatedly called Walker Percy, an author and college instructor at Loyola University New Orleans, to demand for him to read it. He initially resisted; however, every bit he recounts in the book's foreword:

...the lady was persistent, and it somehow came to pass that she stood in my office handing me the hefty manuscript. There was no getting out of it; only one hope remained—that I could read a few pages and that they would be bad enough for me, in good censor, to read no farther. Ordinarily I can do just that. Indeed the outset paragraph often suffices. My only fear was that this one might not be bad enough, or might be only good enough, then that I would have to keep reading. In this case I read on. And on. First with the sinking feeling that it was not bad enough to quit, so with a prickle of involvement, then a growing excitement, and finally an incredulity: surely it was not possible that it was so good.[12]

The volume was published by LSU Printing in 1980. It won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1981. In 2005, Blackstone Audio released an entire audiobook of the novel, read by Barrett Whitener.

While Tulane University in New Orleans retains a collection of Toole's papers, and some early drafts have been constitute, the location of the original manuscript is unknown.[13]

Adaptations [edit]

In March 1984, LSU staged a musical one-act production of the book, with actor Scott Harlan playing Ignatius.[14]

Kerry Shale read the book for BBC Radio 4's Book at Bedtime in 1982, and afterward adapted the volume into a one-human show which he performed at the Adelaide Festival in 1990,[15] at the Gate Theatre in London, and for BBC Radio.[xvi]

There have been repeated attempts to turn the book into a moving picture. In 1982, Harold Ramis was to write and direct an adaptation, starring John Belushi every bit Ignatius and Richard Pryor as Burma Jones, but Belushi's death prevented this. Subsequently, John Candy and Chris Farley were touted for the atomic number 82, but both of them, like Belushi, also died at an early age, leading many to ascribe a curse to the role of Ignatius.[17]

Manager John Waters was interested in directing an accommodation that would take starred Divine, who also died at an early on age, every bit Ignatius.[xviii]

British performer and writer Stephen Fry was at one point deputed to conform Toole's book for the screen.[nineteen] He was sent to New Orleans by Paramount Studios in 1997 to get groundwork for a screenplay adaptation.[20]

John Goodman, a longtime resident of New Orleans, was slated to play Ignatius at one point.[21]

A version adjusted by Steven Soderbergh and Scott Kramer, and slated to exist directed by David Gordon Green, was scheduled for release in 2005. The moving-picture show was to star Will Ferrell as Ignatius and Lily Tomlin equally Irene. A staged reading of the script took place at the 8th Nantucket Film Festival, with Ferrell equally Ignatius, Anne Meara as Irene, Paul Rudd equally Officer Mancuso, Kristen Johnston every bit Lana Lee, Mos Def as Burma Jones, Rosie Perez every bit Darlene, Olympia Dukakis as Santa Battaglia and Miss Trixie, Natasha Lyonne as Myrna, Alan Cumming equally Dorian Greene, John Shea equally Gonzales, Jesse Eisenberg as George, John Conlon every bit Claude Robichaux, Jace Alexander equally Bartender Ben, Celia Weston equally Miss Annie, Miss Inez & Mrs. Levy, and Dan Hedaya as Mr. Levy.[22]

Various reasons are cited as to why the Soderbergh version has yet to be filmed. They include disorganization and lack of interest at Paramount Pictures, Helen Colina the head of the Louisiana State Motion-picture show Commission being murdered, and the devastating effects of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans.[17] When asked why the movie was never made, Will Ferrell has said it is a "mystery".[23]

In 2012, there was a version in negotiation with director James Bobin and potentially starring Zach Galifianakis.[24]

In a 2013 interview, Steven Soderbergh remarked "I recall information technology's cursed. I'm non decumbent to superstition, but that project has got bad mojo on it."[25]

In November 2015, Huntington Theatre Company introduced a stage version of A Confederacy of Dunces written by Jeffrey Hatcher in their Avenue of the Arts/BU Theatre location in Boston, starring Nick Offerman equally Ignatius J. Reilly. It prepare a record as the company's highest-grossing production.[26]

Critical reception [edit]

On November v, 2019, the BBC News included A Confederacy of Dunces on its list of the 100 almost influential novels.[27] Confederacy of Dunces is regularly included on lists of 'nigh funny' or 'best comedic novel'.[28]

See also [edit]

  • List of works published posthumously
  • Evolution hell

References [edit]

  1. ^ Toole 1980.
  2. ^ a b c d Podgorski, Daniel (August 23, 2016). "Peopling Picaresque: On the Well-drawn Characters of John Kennedy Toole'south A Confederacy of Dunces". The Gemsbok. Archived from the original on November xxx, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
  3. ^ Giemza, Bryan (Leap 2004). "Ignatius Ascension: The Life of John Kennedy Toole". Southern Cultures (review). Cambridge: Chadwyck-Healey. ten (1): 97–9. doi:10.1353/scu.2004.0007. ISSN 1534-1488. S2CID 145576623. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2020-01-30 .
  4. ^ Miller, Karl (1999-03-05). "An American tragedy. A lifetime of rejection broke John Kennedy Toole. Only his aged mother believed in his talent, establish a publisher for his novel and rescued his memory from oblivion". world wide web.newstatesman.com. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2018-06-09 .
  5. ^ Lowe, John (December 2008). Louisiana civilisation from the colonial era to Katrina. LSU Press. p. 164. ISBN978-0-8071-3337-8 . Retrieved fifteen March 2011.
  6. ^ Patteson, Richard F (1982), "Ignatius Goes to the Movies: The Films in Toole'southward 'A Confederacy of Dunces'", NMAL: Notes on Mod American Literature, 6 (2), particular 14 .
  7. ^ Toole 1980, p. 136.
  8. ^ Nagle, Stephen J; Sanders, Sara L (2003). English in the southern United states of america. Cambridge University Press. p. 181.
  9. ^ Heilman, Heather; DeMocker, Michael (November 26, 2001). "Ignatius Comes of Age". Tulanian. Tulane University. Archived from the original on 2010-06-06. Retrieved 2010-02-05 .
  10. ^ Miller, Elizabeth 'Liz'. "An Interview with Poppy Z. Brite". Bookslut. Archived from the original on sixteen July 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-01 .
  11. ^ Toole, John Kennedy; Percy, Walker (1980). A confederacy of dunces. Billy Rouge: Louisiana Land University Printing. pp. 288. ISBN0807106577. OCLC 5336849.
  12. ^ Percy, Walker (1980), Preface in Toole 1980.
  13. ^ MacLauchlin, Cory (March 26, 2012). "The Lost Manuscript to 'A Confederacy of Dunces'" (online mag). The Millions. Archived from the original on Apr 28, 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-18 .
  14. ^ "Confederacy Of Dunces Play May Wind Upwardly On Broadway" (PDF). Digitallibrary.tulane.edu . Retrieved 15 Jan 2019.
  15. ^ Toole, John Kennedy; Shale, Kerry (15 Jan 1990). "A confederacy of dunces: [theatre program], 1990 Adelaide Festival" – via Trove.
  16. ^ "Actor". Kerryshale.com. 16 April 2015. Archived from the original on 4 April 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
  17. ^ a b Hyman, Peter (December 14, 2006). "The evolution hell of 'A Confederacy of Dunces'". Slate. Archived from the original on 22 Jan 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-29 .
  18. ^ Allman, Kevin. "John Waters". Gambit New Orleans News and Entertainment. Best of New Orleans. Archived from the original (interview) on 2010-06-12. Retrieved 2011-08-01 .
  19. ^ Fry, Stephen (2005-09-06). "The not bad stink of 2005". Huffington Postal service. Archived from the original on 2009-09-fifteen. Retrieved 2011-08-01 .
  20. ^ Fry, Stephen (2008), Stephen Fry in America, Harper Collins, p. 138 .
  21. ^ Fretts, Bruce (19 May 2000). "A Confederacy of Dunces celebrates its 20th ceremony". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 23 August 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  22. ^ Caput, Steve (2003-06-25). "Photos: Staged Reading of A Confederacy of Dunces". IGN. Archived from the original on September eleven, 2005. Retrieved 2022-01-19 .
  23. ^ Stephenson, Hunter (Feb 29, 2008). "Will Ferrell Talks Country of the Lost, Old School 2, Elf 2 and A Confederacy of Dunces". Slashfilm. Archived from the original on 2009-01-24. Retrieved January 19, 2022.
  24. ^ Brodesser-Akner, Claude (2012-05-22), "Exclusive: 'Dunces' Finds Its Ignatius in Galifianakis", Vulture, archived from the original on 2012-06-14, retrieved 2012-06-09 .
  25. ^ "Soderbergh in Vulture". Vulture.com. Archived from the original on July 2, 2013. Retrieved January xxx, 2013.
  26. ^ Shanahan, Mark (23 December 2015). "'Confederacy of Dunces' sets Huntington Theatre record". The Boston World. Archived from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
  27. ^ "100 'most inspiring' novels revealed by BBC Arts". BBC News. 2019-xi-05. Archived from the original on 2019-11-08. Retrieved 2019-11-ten . The reveal kickstarts the BBC'south year-long celebration of literature.
  28. ^ "Book Afterthought: "A Confederacy of Dunces" - Still an American Comic Masterpiece?". 29 June 2020.

Sources [edit]

  • Toole, John Kennedy (1980), A Confederacy of Dunces , LSU Press, ISBN0-8021-3020-8

Further reading [edit]

  • Clark, William Bedford (1987), "All Toole's children: A reading of 'A Confederacy of Dunces'", Essays in Literature, xiv: 269–lxxx .
  • Dunne, Sara L (2005), "Moviegoing in the Modern Novel: Holden, Binx, Ignatius", Studies in Pop Culture, 28 (i): 37–47 .
  • Kline, Michael (1999), "Narrating the Grotesque: The Rhetoric of Sense of humour in John Kennedy Toole's A Confederacy of Dunces", Southern Quarterly, 37 (3–4): 283–91 .
  • Leighton, H Vernon (2007–2012), John Kennedy Toole Research, Winona , three scholarly manufactures (including one free total text) and other materials.
  • Lowe, John (2008), "The Carnival Voices of 'A Confederacy of Dunces'", Louisiana Culture from the Colonial Era to Katrina, Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State Upwards, pp. 159–90 .
  • MacLauchlin, Cory (2012), Butterfly in the Typewriter: The Tragic Life of John Kennedy Toole and the Remarkable Story of A Confederacy of Dunces (biography), Da Capo Press, ISBN978-0-306-82040-3 (literary assay, affiliate 15).
  • Marsh, Leslie (2013), "Critical notice of Butterfly in the Typewriter: The Tragic Life of John Kennedy Toole and the Remarkable Story of A Confederacy of Dunces" (review), Periodical of Listen and Behavior, ISSN 0271-0137
  • Marsh, Leslie (2020), Theology and Geometry: Essays on John Kennedy Toole's A Confederacy of Dunces (volume), Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN978-1-4985-8547-seven
  • McNeil, David (1984), "A Confederacy of Dunces as Opposite Satire: The American Subgenre", Mississippi Quarterly, 38: 33–47 .
  • Palumbo, Ruby D (1995), "John Kennedy Toole and His Confederacy of Dunces", Louisiana Folklore Miscellany, 10: 59–77 .
  • Patteson, Richard F; Sauret, Thomas (1983), "The Consolation of Illusion: John Kennedy Toole's 'A Confederacy of Dunces'", Texas Review, 4 (1–2): 77–87 .
  • Pugh, Tison (2006), "'It'southward Prolly Fulla Dirty Stories': Masturbatory Allegory and Queer Medievalism in John Kennedy Toole'south 'A Confederacy of Dunces'", Studies in Medievalism, 15: 77–100 .
  • Rudnicki, Robert (2009), "Euphues and the Anatomy of Influence: John Lyly, Harold Blossom, James Olney, and the Structure of John Kennedy Toole's Ignatius", Mississippi Quarterly, 62 (1–two): 281–302 .
  • Simmons, Jonathan (1989), "Ignatius Reilly and the Concept of the Grotesque in John Kennedy Toole'due south 'A Confederacy of Dunces'", Mississippi Quarterly, 43 (1): 33–43 .
  • Simon, Richard Chiliad (1994), "John Kennedy Toole and Walker Percy: Fiction and Repetition in A Confederacy of Dunces", Texas Studies in Literature & Language, 36 (1): 99–116, JSTOR 40755032 .
  • Zaenker, Karl A (1987), "Hrotsvit and the Moderns: Her Impact on John Kennedy Toole and Peter Hacks", in Wilson, Katharina M (ed.), Hrotsvit of Gandersheim: Rara Avis in Saxonia?, Ann Arbor, Michigan: Marc, pp. 275–85 .

External links [edit]

  • "John Kennedy Toole" (review), Spike . Written when the latest movie adaptation was nonetheless scheduled to go ahead.
  • "A Conspiracy of Dunces", Slate, xiv December 2006 on the bug plaguing the film adaptation.
  • PPrize (photos) of first edition Confederacy of Dunces.
  • ignatius' ghost . A tour of Confederacy locations.

stewartsompter.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Confederacy_of_Dunces

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